Polymerase Chain Reaction - Genetics applied physics letters - InfoEscola
This process was first described by Kary Mullis in 1983, and only ten years later was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work. In 1989, Hoffman La Roche & Perkin-Elmer Corporation patented this technique.
Currently, PCR is used in medical and biological research laboratories aiming applied physics letters different tasks such as the identification of hereditary diseases, the construction of phylogenetic trees, the cloning of genes, paternity testing, detection of organisms causing infections, the development of transgenic organisms , among others.
To complete this procedure, the first step is to extract the genetic applied physics letters material of the cell or site to be studied carefully applied physics letters so that it is not damaged nor suffer contamination. Typically, applied physics letters the collected material is DNA, however, can use RNA in a RT-PCR consisting of a development of PCR and has other applications.
After extraction of the material along this mixture is added, also called premix in which dNTPs are present (deoxyribonucleotides triphosphate), which are nitrogenous bases attached to a three-phosphate, termed primers (also known as oligonucleotides or primers) and DNA polymerase enzyme in a buffer solution. This material goes to a device known as a cycler, heating and cooling the material contained therein in cycles of predetermined temperature.
First, it is heated to a temperature between 90 to 96 C for DNA denaturation (separation of the ribbons) applied physics letters occurs. Therefore, the temperature falls thermocycler (50 to 60 C) so that there is hybridization applied physics letters or annealing. At this point in the procedure, with specific primers bind to their complementary DNA sequences. Subsequently, there is an increase in temperature to approximately 72 C for synthesis by the polymerase extension (new molecule) occurs. Then a new cycle is started, applied physics letters and are usually performed 25 to 40 cycles for each reaction rate appears exponential replication.
Certain technical problems can interfere with the outcome of PCR, such as contamination of the material by substances that are known to inhibit applied physics letters the reaction, applied physics letters such as hemoglobin, as well as contamination by a genetic material that are not being studied. Thus, to reduce the chance of error, applied physics letters the professionals who handle the samples must adopt certain measures, such as wearing gloves, disposable tubes, among others.
Administration Arts Astronomy applied physics letters Biographies Biology Science News Curiosities law Diseases Drugs Economy Education Spanish Sports Physical Geography History Philosophy Languages Computer English Literature Mathematics Medicine Mythology Jobs Politics Portuguese Psychology applied physics letters Religion Sexuality Sociology Writing Chemical applied physics letters Society
This process was first described by Kary Mullis in 1983, and only ten years later was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work. In 1989, Hoffman La Roche & Perkin-Elmer Corporation patented this technique.
Currently, PCR is used in medical and biological research laboratories aiming applied physics letters different tasks such as the identification of hereditary diseases, the construction of phylogenetic trees, the cloning of genes, paternity testing, detection of organisms causing infections, the development of transgenic organisms , among others.
To complete this procedure, the first step is to extract the genetic applied physics letters material of the cell or site to be studied carefully applied physics letters so that it is not damaged nor suffer contamination. Typically, applied physics letters the collected material is DNA, however, can use RNA in a RT-PCR consisting of a development of PCR and has other applications.
After extraction of the material along this mixture is added, also called premix in which dNTPs are present (deoxyribonucleotides triphosphate), which are nitrogenous bases attached to a three-phosphate, termed primers (also known as oligonucleotides or primers) and DNA polymerase enzyme in a buffer solution. This material goes to a device known as a cycler, heating and cooling the material contained therein in cycles of predetermined temperature.
First, it is heated to a temperature between 90 to 96 C for DNA denaturation (separation of the ribbons) applied physics letters occurs. Therefore, the temperature falls thermocycler (50 to 60 C) so that there is hybridization applied physics letters or annealing. At this point in the procedure, with specific primers bind to their complementary DNA sequences. Subsequently, there is an increase in temperature to approximately 72 C for synthesis by the polymerase extension (new molecule) occurs. Then a new cycle is started, applied physics letters and are usually performed 25 to 40 cycles for each reaction rate appears exponential replication.
Certain technical problems can interfere with the outcome of PCR, such as contamination of the material by substances that are known to inhibit applied physics letters the reaction, applied physics letters such as hemoglobin, as well as contamination by a genetic material that are not being studied. Thus, to reduce the chance of error, applied physics letters the professionals who handle the samples must adopt certain measures, such as wearing gloves, disposable tubes, among others.
Administration Arts Astronomy applied physics letters Biographies Biology Science News Curiosities law Diseases Drugs Economy Education Spanish Sports Physical Geography History Philosophy Languages Computer English Literature Mathematics Medicine Mythology Jobs Politics Portuguese Psychology applied physics letters Religion Sexuality Sociology Writing Chemical applied physics letters Society
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